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The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage, which were briefly enacted during the French Revolution, was re-enacted in 1848. In the latter role, de Gaulle managed to keep the country together while taking steps to end the Algerian War. According to a 2018 study by Crédit Suisse, the French Armed Forces ranked as the world's sixth-most powerful military, and the second most powerful in Europe after Russia.
The Enlightenment philosophy, in which reason is advocated as the primary source of legitimacy, undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and also was a factor in the French Revolution.As it came to an impasse, the representatives of the Third Estate formed a National Assembly, signalling the outbreak of the French Revolution. Under Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu promoted the centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power by disarming domestic power holders in the 1620s. Since 2016, France is divided into 18 administrative regions: 13 regions in metropolitan France (including Corsica), [115] and five overseas. The four main access waterways to the Indian Ocean are the Suez Canal in Egypt and the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, at the southern end of the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Yemen, the Strait of Hormuz between Iran and Oman and the Strait of Malacca between Sumatra (Indonesia) and Peninsular Malaysia. France became the most populous country in Europe and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture.
After the catastrophic Russian campaign and the ensuing uprising of European monarchies against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. The Wars of Religion were ended by Henry IV's Edict of Nantes, which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. The Château de Chantilly, Versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte, all three located near Paris, are also visitor attractions. The coastal region is very busy in Summer, and travelling to the south of France by car on a summer Saturday can be a nightmare experience; but the region has masses to offer, in terms of climate, history, and landscape. With Clovis's conversion to Catholicism in 498, the Frankish monarchy, elective and secular until then, became hereditary and of divine right.
France gained revenge but spent so heavily that the government verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the French Revolution.
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